Issues Surrounding Governor’s Address

Why in News?

There have been a series of issues in Opposition-ruled States with respect to the address by the Governor to the State legislature at the commencement of first session of the year.

What about the Governor's customary address?

• About the Governor – He/She is the constitutional, nominal head of an Indian state, acting as the chief executive in whom state powers are vested, similar to the President at the center.
• Appointed by – The President for a 5-year term, they act on the advice of the Council of Ministers, yet hold discretionary powers, including reporting for President's rule (Article 356) and appointing the Chief Minister.
• Customary Address – It is a formal speech delivered by the Governor at the beginning of certain legislative sessions. 
• Similarly, the President delivers such an address in Parliament.
• Drafting of the Speech – These speeches are prepared by the government in office, not by the Governors or the President themselves.
• The Head of State merely reads out the text drafted by the Council of Ministers.
• Nature of the Address – The Governor’s address is not a personal statement, but a constitutional duty that reflects the policies and priorities of the elected government.
• Constitutional Implications – Skipping, altering, or refusing to deliver the prepared speech is considered unconstitutional. Such actions undermine democratic accountability and can lead to political instability.

What are the historical background?

• Government of India Act, 1935 – Section 63 of the act provided that the Governor may in his discretion address the Provincial legislature.
• Starting from April 1937, when provincial autonomy started under the act, the Governor’s speech was prepared in consultation with the Council of Ministers in Provinces that laid down the legislative agenda.
• The Constituent Assembly Debate – While adopting the article dealing with Governors’ address to State legislature, it was understood that it would reflect the policy of elected Council of Ministers and not the Governor’s personal views.

What are Constitutional provisions?

• Article 175 – The Governor may address the house(s) of the State legislature, but this is not a mandatory address and may be rarely used by a ruling government.
• Article 176 – The Governor shall address the house(s) of the State legislature
  • at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and
  • at the commencement of the first session of each year.
• This is a mandatory address to be prepared by the Council of Ministers and delivered by the Governor.
• Content – It outlining the government’s achievements in the previous year and its roadmap for the policies in the ensuing year.
• This address is also provided whenever a new assembly is constituted to enable a newly sworn in Council of Ministers to outline their policies to the elected representatives and through them to the citizens at large.
• Motion of Thanks – Article 176 further directs that the rules of procedure of the house(s) shall have provisions for allotment of time for discussion of matters referred in such address.
• The ‘Motion of thanks on Governor’s address’ where the ruling and opposition legislators’ debate on the policy matters announced in the address before voting on the same.

What are the Judicial precedents?

• Shamsher Singh vs State of Punjab (1974) – The SC had held that the Governor is only a constitutional head who acts on the advice of Council of Ministers.
• Nabam Rebia vs Deputy Speaker (2016) – The SC reiterated that the address under Article 175 or 176 is to be performed by the Governor on the aid and advice of Council of Ministers.

What is the current issue?

• Tamil Nadu – The Governor had skipped portions of the address in 2022–23 and since 2024 has refused to deliver the mandatory speech as required under Article 176, even walking out of the Assembly.
• Kerala – The Governor skipped a few portions of the policy address prepared by the State’s cabinet.
• Karnataka – The Governor did not read out the address prepared by the Council of Ministers but instead delivered a two-line speech before leaving the joint session of Legislature.
• Violation under Article 159 – It is pertinent to note that the Governors take oath of office under Article 159 that requires them to ‘preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law.’
• Such actions go against the constitutional principles and law as settled by the highest court of the country.

What are the political & federal concerns?

• Role of the Governor – The Governors act as nominal head of the State executive just like the President for the Union executive.
• Further, the Governor acts as an appointee of the Centre which may be required for maintaining the unity and integrity of the nation in critical times.
• Federalism concerns – Federalism is a basic feature of our Constitution and the Governor’s office should not undermine the powers of popularly elected governments at the States.
• The conflicts often arise when Governors act beyond their constitutional role.
• Politicisation of the Governor’s post – It has fueled calls for reform, with some leaders even suggesting abolition of the office, but considering the quasi-federal constitutional scheme, such demands for abolition are likely to remain only on paper.

What lies ahead?

• Recommendations by various commissions – According to the recommendations of the Sarkaria & Punchhi Commissions, the appointment of Governors should be preceded by consultation with the Chief Ministers of the respective States.
• Impact – This may not solve all disputes between Governors and elected governments, but it can serve as a useful step to reduce friction on key legislative matters and prevent clashes over customary practices like the annual address.

Reference

The Hindu | Issues surrounding Governor’s address

Issues Surrounding Governor’s Address

Why in News?

There have been a series of issues in Opposition-ruled States with respect to the address by the Governor to the State legislature at the commencement of first session of the year.

What about the Governor's customary address?

• About the Governor – He/She is the constitutional, nominal head of an Indian state, acting as the chief executive in whom state powers are vested, similar to the President at the center.
• Appointed by – The President for a 5-year term, they act on the advice of the Council of Ministers, yet hold discretionary powers, including reporting for President's rule (Article 356) and appointing the Chief Minister.
• Customary Address – It is a formal speech delivered by the Governor at the beginning of certain legislative sessions. 
• Similarly, the President delivers such an address in Parliament.
• Drafting of the Speech – These speeches are prepared by the government in office, not by the Governors or the President themselves.
• The Head of State merely reads out the text drafted by the Council of Ministers.
• Nature of the Address – The Governor’s address is not a personal statement, but a constitutional duty that reflects the policies and priorities of the elected government.
• Constitutional Implications – Skipping, altering, or refusing to deliver the prepared speech is considered unconstitutional. Such actions undermine democratic accountability and can lead to political instability.

What are the historical background?

• Government of India Act, 1935 – Section 63 of the act provided that the Governor may in his discretion address the Provincial legislature.
• Starting from April 1937, when provincial autonomy started under the act, the Governor’s speech was prepared in consultation with the Council of Ministers in Provinces that laid down the legislative agenda.
• The Constituent Assembly Debate – While adopting the article dealing with Governors’ address to State legislature, it was understood that it would reflect the policy of elected Council of Ministers and not the Governor’s personal views.

What are Constitutional provisions?

• Article 175 – The Governor may address the house(s) of the State legislature, but this is not a mandatory address and may be rarely used by a ruling government.
• Article 176 – The Governor shall address the house(s) of the State legislature
  • at the commencement of the first session after each general election to the Legislative Assembly and
  • at the commencement of the first session of each year.
• This is a mandatory address to be prepared by the Council of Ministers and delivered by the Governor.
• Content – It outlining the government’s achievements in the previous year and its roadmap for the policies in the ensuing year.
• This address is also provided whenever a new assembly is constituted to enable a newly sworn in Council of Ministers to outline their policies to the elected representatives and through them to the citizens at large.
• Motion of Thanks – Article 176 further directs that the rules of procedure of the house(s) shall have provisions for allotment of time for discussion of matters referred in such address.
• The ‘Motion of thanks on Governor’s address’ where the ruling and opposition legislators’ debate on the policy matters announced in the address before voting on the same.

What are the Judicial precedents?

• Shamsher Singh vs State of Punjab (1974) – The SC had held that the Governor is only a constitutional head who acts on the advice of Council of Ministers.
• Nabam Rebia vs Deputy Speaker (2016) – The SC reiterated that the address under Article 175 or 176 is to be performed by the Governor on the aid and advice of Council of Ministers.

What is the current issue?

• Tamil Nadu – The Governor had skipped portions of the address in 2022–23 and since 2024 has refused to deliver the mandatory speech as required under Article 176, even walking out of the Assembly.
• Kerala – The Governor skipped a few portions of the policy address prepared by the State’s cabinet.
• Karnataka – The Governor did not read out the address prepared by the Council of Ministers but instead delivered a two-line speech before leaving the joint session of Legislature.
• Violation under Article 159 – It is pertinent to note that the Governors take oath of office under Article 159 that requires them to ‘preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law.’
• Such actions go against the constitutional principles and law as settled by the highest court of the country.

What are the political & federal concerns?

• Role of the Governor – The Governors act as nominal head of the State executive just like the President for the Union executive.
• Further, the Governor acts as an appointee of the Centre which may be required for maintaining the unity and integrity of the nation in critical times.
• Federalism concerns – Federalism is a basic feature of our Constitution and the Governor’s office should not undermine the powers of popularly elected governments at the States.
• The conflicts often arise when Governors act beyond their constitutional role.
• Politicisation of the Governor’s post – It has fueled calls for reform, with some leaders even suggesting abolition of the office, but considering the quasi-federal constitutional scheme, such demands for abolition are likely to remain only on paper.

What lies ahead?

• Recommendations by various commissions – According to the recommendations of the Sarkaria & Punchhi Commissions, the appointment of Governors should be preceded by consultation with the Chief Ministers of the respective States.
• Impact – This may not solve all disputes between Governors and elected governments, but it can serve as a useful step to reduce friction on key legislative matters and prevent clashes over customary practices like the annual address.

Reference

The Hindu | Issues surrounding Governor’s address

Exit of the U.S. from the International Solar Alliance (ISA)

Why in News?

On January 7, the U.S. government announced its decision to withdraw from 66 international organisations, including major climate platforms. Among them was the International Solar Alliance (ISA)—an India-headquartered body jointly led by India and France.

What is the International Solar Alliance (ISA)?

• ISA – The ISA was established in 2015 with the objective of making solar energy affordable, accessible, and scalable, particularly for developing countries located in the tropical region.
• Mandate and Work of the ISA – While the ISA does not directly build solar power plants, it plays a critical facilitative role by:
  • Helping countries access low-cost finance
  • Reducing investment risks for private players
  • Supporting policy frameworks, training, and capacity building
  • Accelerating the deployment of solar technologies
• Membership and Reach – The ISA has over 120 member countries.
• Active across Africa, Asia, and Small Island Developing States.
• Acts as a key platform for South-South cooperation.
• Role of the United States in the ISA – The U.S. joined the ISA relatively late, in 2021.
• Over three years, it contributed about $2.1 million.
• This accounted for roughly 1% of the Alliance’s total funding.

What is the impact of U.S. Exit on the ISA?

• Financial impact – From a financial perspective, the impact is limited.
• The U.S. contribution was not critical to ISA’s budget
• Operations – Indian officials have confirmed that day-to-day operations and ongoing programmes will continue.
• Training and capacity-building initiatives remain unaffected
• Confidence impacts – Confidence matters in global economics.
• The U.S. exit sends a broader signal that could affect:
  • Investor sentiment
  • International cooperation in climate finance
• Implications for India’s Solar Industry – The exit has no direct negative impact on India’s solar sector.
• India does not rely on the U.S. for solar panels or key components
• Domestic manufacturing capacity has expanded significantly:
  • Solar module manufacturing: ~144 GW (late 2025)
  • Solar cell manufacturing: ~25 GW and rapidly growing
• Indian firms are investing across the entire solar supply chain
• Role of China and Imports – China dominates global solar manufacturing with ~70% of global cell production capacity
• India imported about $1.7 billion worth of photovoltaic (PV) modules from China in FY25, as per MNRE data
• This underscores that the U.S. exit does not increase project costs or electricity tariffs in India.
• For Indian consumers, nothing changes.
• Effects on investments – Investments are unlikely to slowdown because:
  • Solar projects are driven by strong domestic demand.
  • Backed by long-term power purchase agreements with state utilities and central agencies.
  • Investment decisions depend on policy stability, power demand, and growth prospects, not U.S. participation in ISA.
  • Funding mainly comes from Indian banks, global investors, and development finance institutions.
• Employment Impact – Solar jobs in India are concentrated in manufacturing, installation, and operations.
• India’s growing domestic manufacturing base protects employment.
• Potential advantage:
  • As the U.S. slows renewable approvals domestically but still needs clean energy equipment.
  • With supply tensions with China and Mexico, Indian firms could:
    • Export solar equipment.
    • Set up manufacturing units aligned with U.S. standards.
• Much depends on the outcome of a bilateral trade agreement between India and the U.S.

Where is the real economic risk?

• Impacts outside India – Africa and poorer developing countries, where ISA is deeply engaged.
• These regions rely on:
  • Cheap international finance
  • Multilateral cooperation
• Other impacts – A U.S. retreat from climate engagement may:
  • Make lenders more cautious
  • Slow project approvals
  • Delay decision-making
• This could affect Indian companies looking to expand abroad.

What are the implications for India’s climate diplomacy?

• Key pillar – ISA is a key pillar of India’s climate leadership in the Global South.
• It helps India:
  • Build diplomatic influence
  • Open new markets
  • Support Indian firms overseas
• Superiority to India – While the U.S. exit removes a powerful partner and some technical expertise:
  • Leadership of the ISA remains with India
  • India now bears greater responsibility in sustaining momentum

What lies ahead?

• Solar power in India remains affordable, projects are secure, and jobs are protected.
• The bigger challenge is a fragmented global climate order, where cooperation and finance become harder to mobilise.
• Compared to the past, India is better prepared—economically, industrially, and diplomatically—to handle this shift.

Reference

The Hindu| US Exit from ISA.