Empowering local bodies for effective urban governance

Why in News?

Recently heavy rains severely affected cities across Gujarat, and responses of local bodies have been commented.

What are Urban Local Bodies?

• Urban local bodies (ULBs) – These are the fundamental grass root democratic unit of urban governance in our cities.
• Types - Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Nagar Panchayats.

The first municipal body was established in Madras in 1687, followed by Bombay and Calcutta.

• They are the first point of contact for citizens and are responsible for providing essential services such as waste management, sanitation, and urban planning.
• Pre-colonial Governance - Indian cities had informal governance structures that varied based on the city’s primary activities, whether as trading hubs or religious (temple) towns.
• Colonial Governance -  British established city level institutions such as improvement trusts to deal with the city’s sanitation problems.

In 1882, Lord Ripon ,father of local self-government in India, introduced the resolution for local-self-governments, thereby laying the foundations of a democratically elected municipal government to manage cities.

• The improvement trusts were tasked with the responsibility of cleaning up the city and ensuring that epidemics were prevented.
• These trusts in Bombay or Calcutta were tasked to handle diseases like the plague by planning for wider streets, improving drainage systems and decongesting overcrowded housing.

Government of India Acts 1935 recognised the importance of local self-governments and they were treated under provincial or state subjects.

• Post Independence - 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992 accorded constitutional recognition to ULBs as the third tier of governance, alongside the central and state governments.
• Constitutional Provision - The Part IX-A , Article 243P – 243ZG,  provides for  the compositions, roles and responsibilities of these ULBs.
• Functional Devolution - The 12th Schedule of the constitution specifies 18 functions of ULBs ranging from urban planning and land use to public health and waste management.
• Election - Mandatory elections for every five years, with municipal councillors elected from local constituencies (wards).
• Municipal Corporation Administration - The elected(directly or indirectly) mayor  serves as the ceremonial head, real executive power rests with the municipal commissioner, a state-appointed bureaucrat.

What are the significances of Local Bodies?

• Urban local bodies (ULBs) play a crucial role in the development and management of urban areas.
• Deliver Essential Services -  ULBs are responsible for providing water supply, sanitation, drainage systems and waste management.
• Protecting Public Health -  They ensure public health by managing waste collection and disposal, maintaining cleanliness, and providing urban primary healthcare facilities.
• Providing Education - ULBs often oversee the establishment and management of schools and educational institutions.
• Social Welfare - They implement social welfare programs to address the needs of vulnerable populations.
• Urban Planning - ULBs create and implement urban plans to guide development and ensure sustainable growth.
• Land Use Regulation - They regulate land use to prevent haphazard development and preserve green spaces.
• Attracting Investment - ULBs can create a conducive environment for businesses and attract investments by providing necessary infrastructure and services.
• Managing Urbanization -  ULBs play a vital role in managing the challenges associated with rapid urbanization, such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, and pollution.
• Climate Change - They can implement measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change, such as promoting sustainable practices and improving disaster preparedness.

What are the issues in ULB governance ?

• Constrained Political Autonomy - More executive powers are entrusted  to municipal commissioners than mayor leading to administrative overlaps, delayed decision-making.
• Operational Dependency – Inadequate devolution of functions to local bodies makes them depended on State governments  devolves functions
• State Interference - State governments exert significant influence over city affairs and influence day-to-day functioning of ULBs, further diminishing the autonomy of local governance.
• This often leads to administrative overlaps, which reportedly delay decision-making, especially at a time of crisis.
• Corruption - Corruption can undermine the effectiveness of ULBs, diverting resources and hindering development.
• Delay in Municipal Elections - Despite the constitutional requisite to conduct elections every  five years , in most of the states the local body elections are not conducted properly.
• Inadequate Funding - ULBs often suffer from insufficient funding, limiting their ability to provide essential services and infrastructure.
• A major source of municipal revenue is property taxes, with remaining funds coming from the state government.
• Limited personnel - ULBs often lack qualified personnel with the necessary skills and expertise to manage complex urban issues.
• There is one planner for 75,000 urban populations which is a low figure compared to other local governments globally.
• There are only 5,000 qualified town planners, and Indian cities would require at least 3 lakh town planners by 2031.

What steps can be taken to empower ULBs?

• Municipal governance reforms are needed for Indian cities to respond effectively to urban problems.
• Greater financial autonomy could enable ULBs to generate revenue and reduce dependence on state government funding.
• Enable ULBs to raise funds through pro-market measures such as bonds and securities or by levying user charges such as congestion charges, parking fees, etc.
• Innovative financial plans with diverse sources of income allow ULBs to be more flexible and creative to address their problems.
• Participatory budgets empower city residents to participate in deciding how their taxes can be effectively utilised.
• Upgrade technical expertise and state capacity by bringing in experts and personnel for improved service delivery.

Reference

The Indian Express | Significance of Empowering Local Bodies

Empowering local bodies for effective urban governance

Why in News?

Recently heavy rains severely affected cities across Gujarat, and responses of local bodies have been commented.

What are Urban Local Bodies?

• Urban local bodies (ULBs) – These are the fundamental grass root democratic unit of urban governance in our cities.
• Types - Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Nagar Panchayats.

The first municipal body was established in Madras in 1687, followed by Bombay and Calcutta.

• They are the first point of contact for citizens and are responsible for providing essential services such as waste management, sanitation, and urban planning.
• Pre-colonial Governance - Indian cities had informal governance structures that varied based on the city’s primary activities, whether as trading hubs or religious (temple) towns.
• Colonial Governance -  British established city level institutions such as improvement trusts to deal with the city’s sanitation problems.

In 1882, Lord Ripon ,father of local self-government in India, introduced the resolution for local-self-governments, thereby laying the foundations of a democratically elected municipal government to manage cities.

• The improvement trusts were tasked with the responsibility of cleaning up the city and ensuring that epidemics were prevented.
• These trusts in Bombay or Calcutta were tasked to handle diseases like the plague by planning for wider streets, improving drainage systems and decongesting overcrowded housing.

Government of India Acts 1935 recognised the importance of local self-governments and they were treated under provincial or state subjects.

• Post Independence - 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992 accorded constitutional recognition to ULBs as the third tier of governance, alongside the central and state governments.
• Constitutional Provision - The Part IX-A , Article 243P – 243ZG,  provides for  the compositions, roles and responsibilities of these ULBs.
• Functional Devolution - The 12th Schedule of the constitution specifies 18 functions of ULBs ranging from urban planning and land use to public health and waste management.
• Election - Mandatory elections for every five years, with municipal councillors elected from local constituencies (wards).
• Municipal Corporation Administration - The elected(directly or indirectly) mayor  serves as the ceremonial head, real executive power rests with the municipal commissioner, a state-appointed bureaucrat.

What are the significances of Local Bodies?

• Urban local bodies (ULBs) play a crucial role in the development and management of urban areas.
• Deliver Essential Services -  ULBs are responsible for providing water supply, sanitation, drainage systems and waste management.
• Protecting Public Health -  They ensure public health by managing waste collection and disposal, maintaining cleanliness, and providing urban primary healthcare facilities.
• Providing Education - ULBs often oversee the establishment and management of schools and educational institutions.
• Social Welfare - They implement social welfare programs to address the needs of vulnerable populations.
• Urban Planning - ULBs create and implement urban plans to guide development and ensure sustainable growth.
• Land Use Regulation - They regulate land use to prevent haphazard development and preserve green spaces.
• Attracting Investment - ULBs can create a conducive environment for businesses and attract investments by providing necessary infrastructure and services.
• Managing Urbanization -  ULBs play a vital role in managing the challenges associated with rapid urbanization, such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, and pollution.
• Climate Change - They can implement measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change, such as promoting sustainable practices and improving disaster preparedness.

What are the issues in ULB governance ?

• Constrained Political Autonomy - More executive powers are entrusted  to municipal commissioners than mayor leading to administrative overlaps, delayed decision-making.
• Operational Dependency – Inadequate devolution of functions to local bodies makes them depended on State governments  devolves functions
• State Interference - State governments exert significant influence over city affairs and influence day-to-day functioning of ULBs, further diminishing the autonomy of local governance.
• This often leads to administrative overlaps, which reportedly delay decision-making, especially at a time of crisis.
• Corruption - Corruption can undermine the effectiveness of ULBs, diverting resources and hindering development.
• Delay in Municipal Elections - Despite the constitutional requisite to conduct elections every  five years , in most of the states the local body elections are not conducted properly.
• Inadequate Funding - ULBs often suffer from insufficient funding, limiting their ability to provide essential services and infrastructure.
• A major source of municipal revenue is property taxes, with remaining funds coming from the state government.
• Limited personnel - ULBs often lack qualified personnel with the necessary skills and expertise to manage complex urban issues.
• There is one planner for 75,000 urban populations which is a low figure compared to other local governments globally.
• There are only 5,000 qualified town planners, and Indian cities would require at least 3 lakh town planners by 2031.

What steps can be taken to empower ULBs?

• Municipal governance reforms are needed for Indian cities to respond effectively to urban problems.
• Greater financial autonomy could enable ULBs to generate revenue and reduce dependence on state government funding.
• Enable ULBs to raise funds through pro-market measures such as bonds and securities or by levying user charges such as congestion charges, parking fees, etc.
• Innovative financial plans with diverse sources of income allow ULBs to be more flexible and creative to address their problems.
• Participatory budgets empower city residents to participate in deciding how their taxes can be effectively utilised.
• Upgrade technical expertise and state capacity by bringing in experts and personnel for improved service delivery.

Reference

The Indian Express | Significance of Empowering Local Bodies

Empowering local bodies for effective urban governance

Why in News?

Recently heavy rains severely affected cities across Gujarat, and responses of local bodies have been commented.

What are Urban Local Bodies?

• Urban local bodies (ULBs) – These are the fundamental grass root democratic unit of urban governance in our cities.
• Types - Municipal Corporations, Municipalities, Nagar Panchayats.

The first municipal body was established in Madras in 1687, followed by Bombay and Calcutta.

• They are the first point of contact for citizens and are responsible for providing essential services such as waste management, sanitation, and urban planning.
• Pre-colonial Governance - Indian cities had informal governance structures that varied based on the city’s primary activities, whether as trading hubs or religious (temple) towns.
• Colonial Governance -  British established city level institutions such as improvement trusts to deal with the city’s sanitation problems.

In 1882, Lord Ripon ,father of local self-government in India, introduced the resolution for local-self-governments, thereby laying the foundations of a democratically elected municipal government to manage cities.

• The improvement trusts were tasked with the responsibility of cleaning up the city and ensuring that epidemics were prevented.
• These trusts in Bombay or Calcutta were tasked to handle diseases like the plague by planning for wider streets, improving drainage systems and decongesting overcrowded housing.

Government of India Acts 1935 recognised the importance of local self-governments and they were treated under provincial or state subjects.

• Post Independence - 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in 1992 accorded constitutional recognition to ULBs as the third tier of governance, alongside the central and state governments.
• Constitutional Provision - The Part IX-A , Article 243P – 243ZG,  provides for  the compositions, roles and responsibilities of these ULBs.
• Functional Devolution - The 12th Schedule of the constitution specifies 18 functions of ULBs ranging from urban planning and land use to public health and waste management.
• Election - Mandatory elections for every five years, with municipal councillors elected from local constituencies (wards).
• Municipal Corporation Administration - The elected(directly or indirectly) mayor  serves as the ceremonial head, real executive power rests with the municipal commissioner, a state-appointed bureaucrat.

What are the significances of Local Bodies?

• Urban local bodies (ULBs) play a crucial role in the development and management of urban areas.
• Deliver Essential Services -  ULBs are responsible for providing water supply, sanitation, drainage systems and waste management.
• Protecting Public Health -  They ensure public health by managing waste collection and disposal, maintaining cleanliness, and providing urban primary healthcare facilities.
• Providing Education - ULBs often oversee the establishment and management of schools and educational institutions.
• Social Welfare - They implement social welfare programs to address the needs of vulnerable populations.
• Urban Planning - ULBs create and implement urban plans to guide development and ensure sustainable growth.
• Land Use Regulation - They regulate land use to prevent haphazard development and preserve green spaces.
• Attracting Investment - ULBs can create a conducive environment for businesses and attract investments by providing necessary infrastructure and services.
• Managing Urbanization -  ULBs play a vital role in managing the challenges associated with rapid urbanization, such as housing shortages, traffic congestion, and pollution.
• Climate Change - They can implement measures to mitigate the impacts of climate change, such as promoting sustainable practices and improving disaster preparedness.

What are the issues in ULB governance ?

• Constrained Political Autonomy - More executive powers are entrusted  to municipal commissioners than mayor leading to administrative overlaps, delayed decision-making.
• Operational Dependency – Inadequate devolution of functions to local bodies makes them depended on State governments  devolves functions
• State Interference - State governments exert significant influence over city affairs and influence day-to-day functioning of ULBs, further diminishing the autonomy of local governance.
• This often leads to administrative overlaps, which reportedly delay decision-making, especially at a time of crisis.
• Corruption - Corruption can undermine the effectiveness of ULBs, diverting resources and hindering development.
• Delay in Municipal Elections - Despite the constitutional requisite to conduct elections every  five years , in most of the states the local body elections are not conducted properly.
• Inadequate Funding - ULBs often suffer from insufficient funding, limiting their ability to provide essential services and infrastructure.
• A major source of municipal revenue is property taxes, with remaining funds coming from the state government.
• Limited personnel - ULBs often lack qualified personnel with the necessary skills and expertise to manage complex urban issues.
• There is one planner for 75,000 urban populations which is a low figure compared to other local governments globally.
• There are only 5,000 qualified town planners, and Indian cities would require at least 3 lakh town planners by 2031.

What steps can be taken to empower ULBs?

• Municipal governance reforms are needed for Indian cities to respond effectively to urban problems.
• Greater financial autonomy could enable ULBs to generate revenue and reduce dependence on state government funding.
• Enable ULBs to raise funds through pro-market measures such as bonds and securities or by levying user charges such as congestion charges, parking fees, etc.
• Innovative financial plans with diverse sources of income allow ULBs to be more flexible and creative to address their problems.
• Participatory budgets empower city residents to participate in deciding how their taxes can be effectively utilised.
• Upgrade technical expertise and state capacity by bringing in experts and personnel for improved service delivery.

Reference

The Indian Express | Significance of Empowering Local Bodies

Protein Structure Prediction and Computational Design

Why in News?

The Nobel Prizes for 2024 in Chemistry was awarded to David Baker “for computational protein design” along with Demis Hassabis and John M. Jumper “for protein structure prediction”.

How does a protein find its unique structure?

• Proteins - They are fundamental to almost all biological processes and are built from 20 amino acids joined into long strings.

Haemoglobin is a  protein that transports oxygen  and insulin helps absorption of glucose from blood.

• Protein Structure - The string of amino acids twists and folds into a distinct three-dimensional structure which gives proteins their function.
• All the information about how the protein folds is present in the amino acid sequence.

• Anything that impacts protein production can have consequences for human health.
• Enzymes - Certain kinds of proteins, called enzymes, can speed up biochemical reactions within the body, while others can provide structural support to cells and tissues.
• Then there are some proteins that help in immune response, while others can store nutrients or energy.
• Decoding Proteins - Traditional methods of decoding the structure of proteins, through x-ray crystallography, is a laborious and time-consuming process taking months/years.
• Database - Over the years, the structures of thousands of proteins have been catalogued and a database containing all known sequences of amino acids has also been created.

What are  AlphaFold and Rosetta?

• AlphaFold – It is an artificial intelligence model that could predict the structures of millions of proteins.
• Hassabis and Jumper received the other half of the prize for developing this model.
• Use of AI – AlphaFold was upgraded using AI neural networks called transformers.

AI neural networks can find patterns in enormous amounts of data in a more flexible manner.

• AlphaFold2 was trained on the vast information in the databases of all known protein struc­tures and amino acid sequences.
• The AI tool predicts the structures of proteins using known sequences of amino acids from the database.
• These predictions were then matched to catalogued protein structures in the other database.
• Accuracy - The AI model is not perfect, but it estimates the correctness of the structure it has produced, so researchers know the reliability of their prediction.

• Rosetta – It is the software developed by David Baker to predict protein structures by entering the amino acid sequences as input.
• Creating New Protein Structure – The Rosetta process is reversed to get the amino acid sequence for the desired protein structure, which enabled to create entirely new proteins.
• The new proteins can perform functions that naturally-synthesised proteins are not designed to.
• Top 7 - It was the first protein constructed by Rosetta that was entirely different to all known existing proteins.

What are the significances of this invention?

• Better Understanding of Protein – Their work enabled the  better visualisation of protein structure and creating new proteins based on our requirements.
• AlphaFold2 has calcu­lated the structure of all human proteins and predicted the structure of virtually all the 200 million proteins that researchers have so far discovered when mapping Earth’s organisms.
• Time Saving – Calculating the protein structure took years once and  now takes just a few minutes.
• Better Understanding of Life - It allows us to better understand how life functions.
• Clarity on Diseases – Knowing the relation between protein structure and amino acids ,  helped in understating some diseases.
• Understanding Antibiotic Resistance – Understanding the bacterial enzymes that cause antibiotic resistance will help in discovering ways to prevent it.
• Plastic Decompostion  – Synthetic enzymes and proteins that can  decompose plastic can be designed using this tool.
• Development of Bioproducts  - The ability to create proteins can lead to new nanomaterials, targeted pharmaceuticals, more rapid development of vaccines, minimal sensors and a greener chemical industry.

References

1. The Indian Express | Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024
2. The Hindu | Nobel Prizes for 2024 in Chemistry
3. Nobel Prize | 2024 Chemistry

UPSC Daily Current Affairs | Prelim Bits 10-10-2024

Living Planet Report (LPR), 2024

The recently released LPR, 2024 report said that significant ‘collective effort’ will be required over the next five years to tackle the dual climate and nature crises.

• It is a biennial compilation of the threats faced to wildlife.
• Released by - World Wide Fund (WWF) in collaboration with Zoological Society of London (ZSL).
• It is provided by includes almost 35,000 population trends of 5,495 species from 1970-2020.
• Findings – There has been a 73% decline in the average size of monitored wildlife populations from 1970-2020.
• The sharpest decline is reported in
  • Freshwater ecosystems at 85%, followed by
  • Terrestrial ecosystems at 69% and
  • Marine ecosystems at 56%.
• At a regional level, the fastest declines have been seen in Latin America and the Caribbean a concerning 95% decline followed by Africa (76%) and the Asia and the Pacific (60%).
• Declines have been less in Europe and Central Asia (35%) and North America (39%).
• In India - The report noted the decline in 3 vulture species in India.
  • Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) highlighted white-rumped vulture population has dropped by 67%, Indian vulture by 48%, and slender-billed vulture by 89% compared to their populations in 2002.
• India is home to the largest population of wild tigers globally.
• The All-India Tiger Estimation 2022 recorded a minimum of 3,682 tigers, a significant increase from the 2,967 estimated in 2018.
• Tipping point - When cumulative impacts reach a threshold, the change becomes self-perpetuating, resulting in substantial, often abrupt and potentially irreversible change.
• Early warning signs indicate that several global tipping points are fast approaching:
• In the biosphere, the mass die-off of coral reefs would destroy fisheries and storm protection for hundreds of millions of people living on the coasts.
• The Amazon rainforest tipping point would release tonnes of carbon into the atmosphere and disrupt weather patterns around the globe.
• In ocean circulation, the collapse of the subpolar gyre, a circular current south of Greenland, would dramatically change weather patterns in Europe and North America.
• In the cryosphere (the frozen parts of the planet), the melting of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets would unleash many metres of sea level rise.
  • Large-scale thawing of permafrost would trigger vast emissions of carbon dioxide and methane.
• Reasons - Habitat loss and degradation, driven primarily by farming and consumes food followed by over-exploitation, invasive species, and diseases.
• Pollution is an additional threat for wildlife populations in Asia and the Pacific, which have recorded a 60% average decline.
• There are no India specific projections.
• Shortfall in achieving goals - Countries have agreed on ambitious global goals
  • To halt and reverse nature loss (the Global Biodiversity Framework),
  • Cap global temperature rise to 1.5C (the Paris Agreement), and
  • Eradicate poverty (the UN Sustainable Development Goals).
• But despite these global ambitions, national commitments and actions on the ground fall far short of what’s needed to meet the targets for 2030.
• Over half the SDG targets for 2030 will be missed, with 30% of them stalled or getting worse from the 2015 baseline.
• National climate commitments would lead to an average global temperature increase of almost 3°C by the end of the century, inevitably triggering multiple catastrophic tipping points.
• National biodiversity strategies and action plans are inadequate and lack financial and institutional support.

References

1. The Hindu | Living Planet Index (LPI)
2. WWF | Executive Summary

Nobel Prize, 2024

The Nobel Prize, 2024 has been announced recently.

• A Nobel Prize is a prestigious international award given to individuals or organizations annually.
• Founder - Alfred Nobel.
• Fields awarded - Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, Peace, and Economic Sciences.
• Rationale - To honor individuals who have made significant contributions that benefit humanity.
• The first set of awards were handed out in 1901, 5 years after Nobel's death.
• A Nobel Prize cannot be awarded posthumously.
• Award ceremony - Takes place annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death.
• The award winners are also given a sum of $1.1 million per prize.

References

1. The Indian Express | Chemistry Nobel 2024
2. Nobel Prize | The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2024

Marburg virus

Rwanda recently reported that the Marburg disease infected at least 46 individuals and 12 Marburg deaths.

• Marburg virus disease (Marburg) is a rare but severe hemorrhagic fever that can cause serious illness and death.
• Marburg is among the deadliest pathogens known to humans.
• Marburg belongs to the filovirus family, like Ebola. Both pathogens are clinically similar, and rare.
• Discovered in - The first outbreak occurred in Marburg, Germany, in 1967. Since then, subsequent outbreaks have been mostly reported across Africa.
• Caused by - Prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by colonies of Rousettus bats, most notably the Egyptian fruit bat.
• Marburg also spreads through human-to-human transition both
  • Directly (through contact with blood and other bodily fluids of infected people) and
  • Indirectly (through surfaces and materials like bedding, clothing, etc. Contaminated with these fluids).
• Symptoms - High fever, severe headache, muscle ache, severe watery diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping, and vomiting.
• Many patients develop haemorrhagic symptoms (bleeding), often in many places including the digestive system (faeces and vomit often come with fresh blood), the nose, gums, and vagina.
• Haemmorage leads to most MVD fatalities, with death in fatal cases occurring 8 to 9 days after the onset of symptoms, usually of severe blood loss and shock.
• Treatment - Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific treatments for MVD.
• Fatality - Marburg virus disease (MVD) case fatality rates ranging from 24% to 88% in past outbreaks, depending on virus strain and case management.

References

1. The Indian Express | What is Marburg virus?
2. WHO | Marburg virus disease

Halari donkeys

The halari donkeys form close bonds with people, supporting for transport needs with the surviving population of fewer than 500.

• Halari donkey is a beautiful breed of donkey native to Halar region of Gujarat.
• They are considered to be intelligent animals which work closely with human beings.
• Appearance – They are white in colour, and is larger and more resilient than other donkey breeds.
• Habitat - It is an important domestic animal in the semi-arid landscape of Jamnagar and Dwarka districts in Gujarat’s Saurashtra region.
• Community Usage - The Bharwad and Rabari pastoralists are the main communities to use this donkey as a pack animal for carrying luggage during migration.
• The Kumbhar (potter) community also uses this animal for pottery work in the Jamnagar region.
• Uses - Halari donkey milk is known for its sweetness. Milk powder made from it can fetch upwards of ₹7,000 a kg in the international market, and is used for cosmetic purposes.
• Conservation status – Endangered.
• The Sahjeevan Trust has worked to conserve this breed in collaboration with the Animal Husbandry Department of the Gujarat government.

Reference

The Hindu | Halari donkeys

Amangarh Tiger Reserve

The body of an eight-year-old tiger was found on the border of Amangarh Tiger reserve of Bijnor and Jim Corbett National Park recently.

• Amangarh Tiger Reserve is a protected area in Bijnor district, Uttar Pradesh.
• The reserve encompasses a combination of grasslands, wetlands and dense forest.
• Established in – 2012.
• It is also known as New Jim Corbett Park.
• It has been declared as buffer area of Corbett Tiger Reserve to be known as the Amangarh Tiger Reserve, is now a corridor to Asiatic Elephant, Tiger and much other wild life.
• It is a part of Project Tiger and is recognized for its rich biodiversity and wilderness.
• The Reserve Was Said To Have 13 Tigers Which Jumped To A Total Of 20 In All India Tiger Estimation 2018.
• Animals - Tiger, Elephant, Swamp deer, Sambar, Cheetal, Hog deer, Kakar, Langur, Sloth bear, Porcupine, Otter, Monitor lizard, Turtles, Python, Gangetic Dolphin, Mugger, Gharial etc.
• Birds - Hornbill, Red Jungle Fowl, Pea fowl, Bengal Florican, Fishing eagle, Serpent eagle, Osprey, Woodpeckers, Shama, Indian Pitta, Paradise flycatcher, Orioles, Emerald dove etc.

Reference

Hindustan Times | Tiger found dead in Amangarh Tiger Reserve