Prelims – Environmental Ecology & Climate Change, International Relations.

Mains – GS-III (Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment).

Why in news?

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has recently issued a warning, highlighting the extinction risk faced by Frankincense-producing trees (Boswellia species).

• Frankincense – Is a fragrant resin obtained from various species of trees belonging to the Boswellia genus.
• The five main species of Boswellia are:
  1. Boswellia carterii
  2. Boswellia serrata (Indian Frankincense)
  3. Boswellia sacra
  4. Boswellia frereana
  5. Boswellia papyrifera

Significance

• Historically famous as one of the three gifts (along with gold and myrrh) brought to the infant Jesus.
• Used for centuries in perfumes and incense.
• Research suggests potential medicinal benefits due to its anti-inflammatory properties (for conditions like ulcerative colitis, IBS, bronchitis, sinusitis) and possible use in reducing asthma risk.
• Frankincense was once considered more valuable than gold and was reserved for royalty.
• Frankincense remains deeply embedded in Dhofari culture, symbolizing warmth, respect, and hospitality.

Dhofari culture, found in the Dhofar region of Oman, is a rich tapestry woven from influences of the Arabian Peninsula, East Africa, and the Indian subcontinent.

• It played a significant role in cultural exchange between Oman and India.
• IUCN Red List Update – Multiple Boswellia species on Yemen's Socotra Island have recently been moved to more threatened conservation status categories (Endangered/Critically Endangered).

Causes of Decline

• Overgrazing – Goats graze on saplings, exacerbated by the decline of traditional rotational grazing and larger herd sizes.
• Climate Change Impacts – Prolonged droughts hinder sapling survival, while more frequent and intense cyclones, floods, and landslides damage or uproot mature trees.

Way forward

• Building fences to protect young trees from goats.
• Promoting frankincense honey production for alternative income.
• Emphasizing the need for local action to combat extreme weather impacts.

References

1. Down to Earth | Frankincense
2. Mint | Frankincense