Statement 1 – Correct

• Exostoma nasibarbatum belongs to:

• Order – Siluriformes
• Family – Sisoridae
• Subfamily – Glyptosterninae
• Genus – Exostoma.

Statement 2 – Correct

• The species was discovered in the hill streams of Chandel district, Manipur.
• It is associated with the Bupal stream and the Chindwin-Irrawaddy river drainage system.

Statement 3 – Incorrect

• It inhabits high-energy, fast-flowing and clear rocky hill streams, not stagnant freshwater habitats.
• It possesses rheophilic adaptations, including flattened bodies and adhesive structures, which help it cling to rocks against strong water currents.

Statement 4 – Correct

• Rheophilic catfishes are highly sensitive to siltation, water pollution and habitat degradation.
• Therefore, they serve as important bio-indicators of freshwater ecosystem health.

Statement 1 – Correct

• CNGC13 stands for Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel 13.
• It is a specialised calcium-ion-permeable channel located in the plasma membrane of plant cells.

Statement 2 – Correct

• CNGC13 facilitates the influx of extracellular calcium ions (Ca²?).
• This generates a propagating calcium wave that transmits defence signals from damaged leaves to distant, undamaged leaves.

Statement 3 – Correct

• When insect herbivores damage plant tissues, the affected cells release extracellular glutamate.
• Glutamate triggers membrane depolarisation and activates the CNGC13-mediated calcium signalling pathway.

Statement 4 – Incorrect

• Systemic calcium signalling activates the synthesis of defence-related phytohormones, particularly Jasmonic Acid (JA).
• It also promotes the production of anti-herbivore toxins, preparing undamaged leaves for potential insect attacks.

Statement 1 – Correct

• Jupiter's bow shock is formed when the supersonic solar wind encounters Jupiter's magnetosphere.
• It represents a transition region where the solar wind is decelerated, compressed and heated.

Statement 2 – Correct

• Unlike a relatively straightforward shock transition, Jupiter's bow shock exhibits intermediate shocklets and multiple layered regions.
• These structures progressively decelerate the incoming solar wind.

Statement 3 – Correct

• Data from NASA's Juno spacecraft revealed strong harmonic structures and intense plasma wave activity.
• These waves contribute to the heating of electrons and ions across the shock.

Statement 4 – Incorrect

• Jupiter's bow shock exhibits cyclical self-reformation patterns under intense solar wind pressure.
• Recurring magnetic structures have been observed at approximately 8.3-second intervals.

Statement 1 – Incorrect

• OCI cardholders are foreign nationals and are not Indian citizens.
• Article 19 guarantees certain fundamental freedoms, including freedom of speech and expression and peaceful assembly, exclusively to Indian citizens.
• Therefore, OCI cardholders cannot claim Article 19 rights on the same footing as Indian citizens.

Statement 2 – Correct

• OCI status does not confer Indian citizenship.
• OCI cardholders cannot vote in Indian elections or contest elections to Parliament or State Legislatures.

Statement 3 – Correct

• OCI registration provides a lifelong, multiple-entry, multi-purpose visa to visit India.
• It facilitates residence, employment and educational opportunities, subject to applicable rules and restrictions.

Statement 4 – Incorrect

• OCI cardholders can purchase residential and commercial properties in India.
• However, they are generally prohibited from purchasing agricultural land, farmhouses and plantation properties.

Statement 1 – Correct

• NASA's Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory was launched on November 20, 2004.
• It primarily studies gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), among the most energetic explosions in the universe.
• It also observes supernovas, comets, asteroids and black holes.

Statement 2 – Correct

• Increased solar activity heats and expands Earth's upper atmosphere.
• This increases atmospheric density at satellite orbital altitudes.
• Consequently, satellites experience greater atmospheric drag, lose orbital energy and gradually descend towards Earth.

Statement 3 – Incorrect

• NASA engaged Katalyst Space Technologies to undertake a robotic rescue mission.
• Its spacecraft, named Link, was intended to push the Swift Observatory into a higher orbit.
• However, Link experienced attitude-control and thruster failures and failed to complete the rescue mission.

Statement 4 – Correct

• The Swift Observatory faces uncontrolled atmospheric re-entry.
• Most of its structure is expected to burn up due to intense atmospheric heating.
• However, dense components, potentially including tungsten parts and mirror fragments, may survive re-entry and reach Earth's surface.

Statement 1 – Correct

• Oued Beht is an archaeological site located in northwestern Morocco, east of Rabat.
• The fortified structure overlooks the Oued Beht river valley.

Statement 2 – Correct

• Radiocarbon dating of seeds and charcoal deposits places the construction between 4,000 and 3,500 years ago.
• This corresponds broadly to the second millennium BCE and the Bronze Age in the western Mediterranean.

Statement 3 – Correct

• The discovery represents the oldest known large-scale fortified system in North Africa outside the Nile Valley.
• It provides evidence of advanced construction capabilities and organized community activities among prehistoric North African societies.

Statement 4 – Incorrect

• Researchers suggest that the wall was probably constructed to address local competition over resources such as:
  • Agricultural land.
  • Water and food resources.
  • Regional trade routes and movement.
• There is no established evidence that it was primarily built to defend against ancient Egyptian invasions.