• Statement 1 – Correct: Article 51A(a), under Part IVA, makes it the Fundamental Duty of every citizen to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.
• Statement 2 – Correct: Article 19(1)(a) guarantees freedom of speech and expression. It is relevant to the expression of linguistic, cultural and regional identity.
• Statement 3 – Incorrect: The Flag Code of India, 2002, primarily regulates the display, hoisting and use of the National Flag, not State Flags as a separate category.
• Statement 4 – Correct: The Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act, 1971, protects the National Flag, Constitution and National Anthem against specified forms of insult.

• Statement 1 – Correct: One of the major priorities under Vigilance and Readiness is restoring the IAF's fighter strength to the authorised level of 42 squadrons.
• Statement 2 – Correct: Aatmanirbharta emphasises indigenous aircraft, weapons, sensors and defence technologies.
• Statement 3 – Correct: Yukti promotes networked and AI-enabled command and control systems.
• Statement 4 – Incorrect: Unity of Effort emphasises jointness and coordination among the Army, Navy, Air Force and national agencies.
• Statement 5 – Incorrect: Unity of Effort is a broader approach to integrated defence planning and coordination, not something restricted to wartime.

All four factors can influence predator-prey interactions.

• Seasonal food availability - Scarcity of food may encourage predators to explore alternative food sources.
• Opportunistic feeding - Predators may exploit vulnerable prey when opportunities arise.
• Spatial overlap - Greater overlap between predator and prey habitats increases the possibility of interaction.
• Climate change - Altered seasonal patterns may influence feeding behaviour, hibernation periods and ecological interactions.

• Statement 1 – Correct: Nepal submitted its proposal to the UIAA through the Nepal Mountaineering Association (NMA).
• Statement 2 – Correct: The 2026 UIAA General Assembly was held in Kathmandu, Nepal.
• Statement 3 – Correct: The proposed assessment considers three important criteria:
  • Geographical identity.
  • Distinct summit features.
  • Separate climbing routes.
• Statement 4 – Incorrect: The General Assembly also discusses mountain safety, climate change, global mountaineering priorities and environmental concerns.
• Statement 5 – Correct: There are currently 14 internationally recognised mountain peaks exceeding 8,000 metres, commonly called eight-thousanders.

All five statements are correct.

• Statement 1 – Correct: Andhra Pradesh was formed on November 1, 1956, by merging Andhra State with Telugu-speaking areas of the erstwhile Hyderabad State.
• Statement 2 – Correct: Karnataka was initially formed as Mysore State on November 1, 1956. It was renamed Karnataka in 1973.
• Statement 3 – Correct: Kerala was formed by integrating Travancore-Cochin, Malabar and Kasaragod.
• Statement 4 – Correct: Madhya Pradesh was reorganised under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956, incorporating regions such as Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal.
• Statement 5 – Correct: "November 1 is observed as Foundation Day by eight States and five Union Territories, reflecting India's linguistic reorganisation in 1956 and subsequent administrative and territorial changes."