Explanation

• Option d is the correct answer.
• Article 32 of the Indian Constitution deals with the Right to Constitutional Remedies, guaranteeing citizens the right to directly approach the Supreme Court (and High Courts via Article 226).
• It advocates for the enforcement of their Fundamental Rights empowering the court to issue writs like Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo Warranto, and Certiorari to protect these right.
• Its importance in safeguarding fundamental rights of people making it the "heart and soul" of the Constitution.  It does not constitute the part of Golden triangle of constitution.
• Options a, b, c are correct – Article 21, together with Articles 19 and 14, constitute the ‘Golden Triangle’ of the Constitution, as explained by the Supreme Court in Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978).

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Explanation

• Statement 1 is correct – A narco test is a process of investigation during which it is expected that the accused, undergoing such a test, would express the concealed facts.
• The person is sedated by administering a certain class of substances, such as barbiturates, for instance, Sodium Pentothal, to reduce a subject’s inhibitions and reasoning ability.
• It is a non-violent method similar to those called polygraphs or brain mapping.

• Statement 2 is incorrect – It is important to note that all three clauses of Article 20 form the constitutional foundation of India’s criminal justice system.
• Clause (1) – It deals with ex-post facto laws that declare an act as an offence which, when committed, was not an offence.
• Clause (2) – It states that no person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once, that is, protection against double jeopardy.
• Article 20(3) of the Constitution provides for the protection against self-incrimination, meaning that no person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

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Explanation

• Option a is the correct answer – Black Band Disease is a severe, globally occurring coral disease characterized by a visible black, expanding band that degrades coral tissue, leading to tissue death and bare skeleton.
• It is caused by the consortium of microbes such as
  • Cyanobacteria (photosynthetic, toxin-producing).
  • Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) (thrive in oxygen-free zones).
  • Sulfide-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) (use chemical energy).
• Together, they create toxic sulfides and anoxic conditions, leading to coral tissue death.
• The sharp rises in sea surface temperature & nutrient pollution, driven by environmental stressors like ocean warming and contamination are causing factors.

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Explanation

• “One district One product” initiative aims to select, brand, and promote at least One Product from each District of the country for enabling holistic growth across all regions.
• It is under Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce & Industry.
• It is operationally merged with ‘Districts as Export Hub (DEH)’ initiative of Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT).

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Explanation

• Option a is the correct answer – Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary is situated in Bargarh district, Odisha.
• It is located near Hirakud Dam, the longest dam in India and the longest earthen dam in the world on the Mahanadi River.

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