• Growbot plants established trees instead of seeds, because established trees have a greater chance of succeeding in their new location.
• “Row-bot”, which is developed by the University of Bristol, digests pollution in the water and turns it into energy. The robot swims around, ingesting microbes which then power the boat’s motor. It’s really no different than a whale shark filter feeding krill and using that food energy to travel around the ocean.
• Robots can be used to eliminate waste with fewer human errors and better usage calculations.
• Robots can also used for real time monitoring of carbon footprint.

• Quantum entanglement is a physical phenomenon that occurs when a pair or group of particles is generated, interact, or share spatial proximity in a way such that the quantum state of each particle of the pair or group cannot be described independently of the state of the others.
• Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building.
• It is a branch of artificial intelligence based on the idea that systems can learn from data, identify patterns and make decisions with minimal human intervention. Songs are played through analysis of our past data.
• Websites recommend products and movies and songs based on what we bought, watched, or listened to before by analysing the big data that we have generated in the past. Thus the given application is done through machine learning.
• A virtual private network, or VPN, is an encrypted connection over the Internet from a device to a network.
• The encrypted connection helps ensure that sensitive data is safely transmitted.
• It prevents unauthorized people from eavesdropping on the traffic and allows the user to conduct work remotely.
• Edge Computing is the technology enabling IoT ,where ,it brings computation and data storage closer to the devices where it’s being gathered, rather than relying on a central location that can be thousands of miles away.

• Quantum Science is a wide area of research and therefore its applications are also diverse in nature and hence all the given statements are applicable.

Types of LEDs

• Mini-LED technology - Mini-LEDs are essentially very small LEDs (around 0.2 millimetres in size or a bit smaller) that collectively produce the backlight on LCD display panels.
• Sitting behind the LCD matrix, they offer granular control over light intensity and hence a better contrast ratio.
• Mini-LEDs are essentially the best of both worlds between traditional LCDs and OLED panels.
• They bring the contrast of OLED panels and are set to be much easier and cheaper to make than OLED displays.
• Micro-LEDs - While OLED panels already cost more than LCD panels, Micro-LEDs take that cost up way higher for this very reason.
• Making even a fairly small Micro-LED panel incurs a lot of cost because of the super-precise construction.
• That is also likely why most of us will not be using Micro-LED TVs in our homes anytime soon.

LCD vs OLED displays

• A traditional LCD display consists of a single backlight that throws light on screen.
• However, the contrast is controlled by something called an LCD matrix.
• The matrix selectively blocks out certain parts of the backlight to produce contrast on the individual pixels.
• However due to this, when one pixel is supposed to show a bright colour, like white, and the pixel next to it is supposed to show a dark colour like black, the single backlight ends up throwing some extra light meant for the white pixel on the adjacent black pixel as well, preventing the dark pixel from showing a true pitch-black colour. This is called bleeding.
• On OLED displays, each individual pixel own lighting which allows the screen to have granular control over, which pixel is supposed to show lighter and which one is not.

• OLEDs typically have a better contrast ratio compared to traditional LCDs.

• Hydrogen can be extracted from fossil fuels and biomass, from water, or from a mix of both. Natural gas is currently the primary source of hydrogen production, accounting for around three quarters of the annual global dedicated hydrogen production of around 70 million tonnes.
• Hydrogen Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.
• Hydrogen + Oxygen = Electricity + Water Vapor
• The products of the reaction in the cell are water, electricity, and heat.
• In transport, the competitiveness of hydrogen fuel cell cars depends on fuel cell costs and refuelling stations while for trucks the priority is to reduce the delivered price of hydrogen.
• Shipping and aviation have limited low-carbon fuel options available and represent an opportunity for hydrogen-based fuels. So, Statement 3 is  correct.
• Hydrogen produced from renewable, nuclear, or other resources can be blended  with fuels such as natural gas  so as to generate power and heat.
• Several projects worldwide are demonstrating blends with hydrogen concentrations as high as 20%.

• To start the process, air and impurities are first evacuated from the vacuum chamber.
• The charged particles of the plasma can be shaped and controlled by the massive magnetic coils placed around the vessel; physicists use this important property to confine the hot plasma away from the vessel walls.
• The tokamak is an experimental machine designed to harness the energy of fusion. Inside a tokamak, the energy produced through the fusion of atoms is absorbed as heat in the walls of the vessel.
• Just like a conventional power plant, a fusion power plant will use this heat to produce steam and then electricity by way of turbines and generators. We're not there yet, however.

• Mining thorium is safer and more efficient than mining uranium.  
• Thorium's ore monazite generally contains higher concentrations of thorium than the percentage of uranium found in its respective ore. This makes thorium a more cost efficient and less environmentally damaging fuel source.
• Thorium reactors produce far less waste and the waste that is generated is much less radioactive and much shorter-live. Thus it is a less environmentally damaging fuel source.
• Like Uranium, its properties allow it to be used to fuel a nuclear chain reaction that can run a power plant and make electricity (among other things). Thorium itself will not split and release energy.

• Fog computing describes a decentralized computing structure located between the cloud and devices that produce data. It puts resources like applications and data strategically in the network edge or closer to the cloud. As such, it limits bandwidth use, lowers latency etc.

• Using OTT instant messaging service can be given through end-end encryption format.
• VoIP service is given by without using the tele communication service players. Several examples of such OTT voice apps include Skype, WhatsApp or Viber.
• They uses IP packets for the communication.

Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)

• It is being constructed by Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited (BHAVINI) in Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu.
• It is expected to get commissioned by October 2022.
• On completion of commissioning, PFBR will be adding 500 MW of electrical power to the national grid.

BHAVINI

• BHAVINI is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) under the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE).

Three Stage Nuclear Programme

• Dr. Homi Bhabha, the father of the Indian nuclear programme, envisioned a three-stage plan.
• The first stage was the Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) which Indian nuclear scientists and engineers have mastered.
• The second stage is the PFBR technology.

• Radar is a detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. It is not used in the above applications.
• Sonar (sound navigation and ranging) is a technique that uses sound propagation (usually underwater, as in submarine navigation) to navigate, communicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. It is not used in the above applications.
• Lidar is a method for measuring distances (ranging) by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflection with a sensor. Differences in laser return times and wavelengths can then be used to make digital 3-D representations of the target. It can be used in the above applications.

• The EventBot is a malware, a banker Trojan that specifically targets the financial apps on the phone stealing the financial data of its victim.

• The millimeter wave (mmWave) of —26GHz, 28GHz and 37GHz frequency spectrum bands are crucial for the roll out of 5G wireless service.
• Telecom operators cannot use the existing 4G infrastructure for providing 5G data speed
• 5G spectrum was excluded in spectrum auction by Department of Telecom even in the previous auction.

• Param Shivay, the first supercomputer assembled indigenously, was installed in IIT (BHU), followed by Param Shakti and Param Brahma at IIT-Kharagpur and IISER, Pune, respectively.
• India has developed an Indigenous server (Rudra), which can meet the HPC requirements of all governments and PSUs.
• This is the first time that a server system was made in India, along with the full software stack developed by C-DAC.
• National Super Computing Mission is steered jointly by the Ministry of Electronics and IT (MeitY) and Department of Science and Technology (DST) and implemented by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru.

• This technology converts organic fraction of MSW into hydrochar by using a batch reactor.
• It has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions of any organic waste to biofuel conversion process.

• For seamless and effective dissemination of emergency information and communication on disaster warnings, Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ) and Ocean States Forecasts (OSF) to fishermen, the Government has launched the Gagan Enabled Mariner’s Instrument for Navigation and Information (GEMINI) device.
• Alerts and other messages would be sent through GAGAN and the device would receive and transfer it to a mobile phone through blue tooth communication.
• INCOIS together with AAI developed a low-cost GAGAN system-enabled GEMINI (GAGAN Enabled Mariner's Instrument for Navigation and Information) device.

• All the given statements are applications of Nuclear technology

• Cryptocurrency keys can be stored in two kinds of wallets - software and hardware.  Software wallets are like smart phone apps that digitally store private keys.  
• Most software wallets don’t charge users to store private keys, but may collect commission for trading via the app.  These wallets can be vulnerable to malware.
• Hardware wallets are physical devices act like cold storage for confidential keys.  
• The passwords are protected by a PIN, making it difficult for hackers to extract private keys as the information is not exposed to the Internet.

Pegasus Spyware  

• It is a spyware that infects victims and spies on the victim by transferring data to a master server in an unauthorised manner.  It was built and marketed by the Israel based company, NSO Group.  
• The company claims to sell it only to Vetted foreign governments worldwide.  
• Pegasus is the very basic form, can infect devices that are connected to the Internet.  
• Some updated versions can also infect phones even without the victim clicking on any links or messages.  
• The software can, based on instructions from a remote server, automatically turn on the microphone and Camera and look into chats, contacts and data backup.