19. What are the major challenges to internal security and the peace process in the North-Eastern States? Map the various peace accords and agreements initiated by the government in the past decade. (250 words, 15 marks)
Directions: Intro------Challenges + Peace Accords & Agreements-------Conclusion.
Introduction:
Describe the North East region of India.
Main Body
Major Challenges
- Ethic conflict
- Cross-border insurgency
- Illegal migrant
- Drug trafficking
- Development deficit – Insufficient infrastructure, etc
- Inter & Intra state issues
- Land holding right issues
- Weak Governance
- Slow implementation of peace accord.
Various peace accords and agreements initiated by the government
- Nagaland Peace Accord 2015
- NLFT Tripura Agreement 2019
- Bru-Reang Peace Agreement 2020 (Tripura and Mizoram)
- Bodo Peace Accord 2020 (Assam) - Bodoland Territorial Council
- Karbi Anglong Peace Accord 2021 (Assam) - Karbi Anglong Autonomous Territorial Council
- Naga Peace Accord 2021 (Nagaland)
- Tipra Accord, 2023 (Tripura)
- UNLF Peace Agreement, 2023 (Manipur).
Conclusion:
Give a neutral and way-forward-based conclusion.
20. Why is maritime security vital to protect India's sea trade? Discuss maritime and coastal security challenges and the way forward. (250 words, 15 marks)
Directions: Intro-------- Why is maritime security vital? + Challenges + Way forward------Conclusion.
Introduction:
Describe India’s maritime security - 7,516 km coastline, 1,382 islands & around 95% of India's trade by volume and nearly 70% by value is transported through sea routes.
Main Body
Why is maritime security vital?
- Protecting Sea Lines of Communication (SLOCs)
- Energy Security – India imports nearly 85% of its crude oil via sea.
- Economic Growth
- Strategic and Geopolitical Interests
- National Security – Prevents maritime infiltration, terrorism, and smuggling.
- Regional Stability.
Maritime & coastal security challenges
- Maritime terrorism
- Cyber threats
- New forms of piracy and robbery
- Illegal activities – Smuggling of arms, drugs, fake currency, etc.
- Geopolitical tensions
- Lack of coordination among the security forces in India
- Natural Disasters.
Way forward
- Strengthen coastal surveillance
- Enhance maritime domain awareness
- Modernise the Indian Navy and Indian Coast Guard
- Improve inter-agency coordination - Navy, Coast Guard, Marine Police, Customs, etc.
- Create a dedicated maritime security doctrine.
- Deepen regional cooperation under SAGAR, IORA, IONS, and QUAD.
- Develop resilient ports and cyber-secure maritime infrastructure.
Conclusion:
Give a neutral conclusion.
