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India’s water-sharing treaties
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India – Pakistan
- Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) – It was signed in 1960 and brokered by the World Bank, governs the distribution of the waters of the Indus and its tributaries.
- Features:
- India controls the eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej).
- Pakistan has exclusive access to the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum and Chenab), with India allowed non-consumptive use (hydropower projects).
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- Three-step dispute resolution framework
- Permanent Indus Commission – To exchange information and data, and settle minor disputes.
- World Bank-appointed Neutral Expert
- Permanent Court of Arbitration
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India – Bangladesh
- Indo-Bangladesh Joint Rivers Commission (JRC) – It began its operations in 1972 as a bilateral mechanism to address issues of mutual interest on common/border/trans-boundary rivers.
- India and Bangladesh share 54 rivers.
- Ganga Water Treaty (1996) – It ensures fair distribution of Ganga waters after the construction of the Farakka Barrage.
- Teesta water-sharing treaty – The talks on the agreement remained stuck since 2011.
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India - Nepal
- Sarada Agreement (1920)- It allowed India to build the Banbassa barrage on the Mahakali River.
- Koshi Agreement (1954) – It facilitated the construction of the Hanuman Nagar flood control barrage
- Gandak Agreement (1959) – It allowed India to construct the Bhaisalotan Barrage.
- Mahakali Treaty (1996) – It led to the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project for power generation and flood control.
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India-Bhutan hydropower cooperation
- Jaldhaka Project – It was developed in 1961 jointly by both countries.
- Chukha Hydropower Project – It was entirely funded by India on a 60:40 grant and remained a milestone for both the countries.
- Tala Hydroelectric Project – It is a 1,020 MW Project, which is ranked as one of the biggest joint ventures.
- 2006 Agreement on Hydropower Cooperation – It laid the framework for future bilateral cooperation in hydropower development.
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