Mains PYQs - GS-III (2025) (Q. 1-3) | 2025

1. Distinguish between the Human Development Index (HDI) and Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) with special reference to India. Why is the IHDI considered a better indicator of inclusive growth? (150 words, 10 marks)

Directions: Intro----- Diff. between HDI & IHDI + IHDI – better indicator for inclusive growth-----Conclusion.

Introduction:

Briefly describe HDI & IHDI.

Main Body

Difference between HDI & IHDI with reference to India

Human Development Index (HDI)	Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
Evaluate achievements of health, education and standard of living.	Adjusts HDI to reflect inequalities in health, education, and income.
Assumes an equal distribution of achievements.	Measures actual distribution of achievements across the population.
India - Rank 130/193; HDI: 0.685 (Medium Human Development).	India's IHDI - 0.475; 30.7% loss due to inequality (higher than global average).
Life Expectancy: 72.0 years Education: Mean years of schooling is 6.9; expected years of schooling is 13.0 GNI per Capita (PPP): $6,951 (in current international dollars)	Life Expectancy: 15.5% inequality Education: 36.9% inequality due to regional and gender-based gaps. Income: 37.4% inequality driven by high wealth concentration.

Why is the IHDI considered a better indicator of inclusive growth?

Measures equality along with progress.
Captures hidden disparities (IHDI lowers when inequality is high).
Helps for better policymaking.
Helps to track SDG progress.
Aligns with inclusive goals by tracking distribution, not just progress.
Fits for India’s diversity.

Challenges for India

Persistent income inequality and wealth concentration.
Regional disparities in education and healthcare.
Gender gaps in labour force participation and schooling.
Unequal access to quality public services.

Conclusion:

Give a suitable conclusion along with an Indian perspective & suggest some measures.

2. What are the challenges before the Indian economy when the world is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism? How can these challenges be met? (150 words, 10 marks)

Direction: Intro-----challenges before India + Measures to overcome ------Conclusion.

Introduction:

The world economy is moving away from free trade and multilateralism to protectionism and bilateralism – which contains both risks and benefits; and so on.

Main Body

Challenges before the Indian economy

Export vulnerability.
Supply chain disruption.
Weakening of the multilateral trading system - WTO.
Pressure on domestic industries.
Challenges with attracting foreign investments.
Export control on critical technologies & minerals.

How can these challenges be met?

Strengthen bilateral & regional trade agreements.
Diversify export markets.
Promote self-reliance in critical sectors.
Continue engagement & reform the WTO.
Integrate with global supply chain.

Conclusion:

Conclude with progressive and neutral manner.

3. Explain the factors influencing the decision of the farmers on the selection of high-value crops in India. (150 words, 10 marks)

Direction: Intro------ factors influencing the decision of the farmers------Conclusion.

Introduction:

Describe India’s agriculture (or) crop diversity (or) cropping pattern (or) high-value crops.

Main Body

Factors influencing the decision of the farmers

Market demand.
Profitability.
Easily accessible to the population.
Economic incentives - Kisan credit card, Fasal Bhima Yojana.
Infrastructure & Transportation facilities – Cold storage networks, post-harvest infrastructure.
Resource availability.
Government policies – MSP, FPO, etc.
Access to technologies – e-NAM, Smart irrigation.
Suitable climate.

Conclusion:

Give a positive & progressive conclusion.

Mains PYQs - GS-III (2025) (Q. 1-3)

Mains PYQs - GS-III (2025) (Q. 4 - 6)

Mains PYQs - GS-II (2025) (Q. 19, 20)