13. Discuss the evolution of the collegium system in India. Critically examine the advantages and disadvantages of the system of appointment of the Judges of the Supreme Court of India and that of the USA. (250 words, 15 marks)
Direction: Intro----Evolution + advantages & disadvantages of appointment (India & USA)-----Conclusion.
Introduction:
Describe the collegium system in India.
Main Body
Evolution of the collegium system in India
Advantages of the system of appointment to the SC
|
India |
USA |
|
Ensure judicial independence – No executive interference. |
President appoints, with the confirmation of senate. |
|
Merit-based appointment – no reservation. |
Highly transparent. |
|
Protects separation of powers & Basic Structure Doctrine. |
No retirement for judges (lifelong job) |
|
Seniority-based appointment. |
Clear checks and balances. |
|
Strict removal procedures. |
Democratic accountability through elected representatives. |
Disadvantages of the system of appointment to the SC
|
India |
USA |
|
Non-transparent appointment – no accountability. |
Extreme political influence. |
|
Not having diverse representation. |
Ideological polarization. |
|
Delayed appointments. |
Not having more chances for youth appointments due to lifelong service. |
|
Gender inequality. |
Lack of diversity due to presidential appointments. |
|
Allegations of nepotism and favouritism ("Uncle Judge Syndrome"). |
Risk of compromising judicial independence. |
Conclusion:
Conclude with balanced views – Even though both countries have different systems of appointments, both act as a custodian and guardian of the constitution and ensure democracy.
14. Examine the evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations in the context of planned development in India. How far have the recent reforms impacted fiscal federalism in India? (250 words, 15 marks)
Direction: Intro----Evolving pattern + Recent reform impacts----Conclusion.
Introduction:
Describe briefly about Centre-State financial relations.
Main Body
Evolving pattern of Centre-State financial relations
Recent reforms impact on fiscal federalism
Positive impact
Negative impact
Conclusion:
Conclude with the way forwards (or) balanced form of conclusion.
Though these reforms have some inconveniences, it helps improve India’s GDP, increase tax collections, promote ease of doing business, etc. and promote cooperative federalism.
15. What are environmental pressure groups? Discuss their role in raising awareness, influencing policies and advocating for environmental protection in India. (250 words, 15 marks)
Direction: Intro----Their role in awareness, policies, environmental protection----Conclusion.
Introduction:
Describe environmental pressure groups with some examples.
Movements includes Chipko movement, Narmada Bachao Andolan, recent protests for the Aravalli ranges, etc.
Main Body
Role in raising awareness
Role in influencing policies
Role in environmental protection
Conclusion:
Give a positive and balanced conclusion with some way forwards.
