19. Achieving sustainable growth with emphasis on environmental protection could come into conflict with poor people's needs in a country like India – Comment. (250 words, 15 marks) (2025)
Direction: Intro----Conflict & Support-----Conclusion.
Introduction:
Give a definition of sustainable growth (or) Start by mentioning some data like the multidimensional poverty index, etc.
Main Body
Environmental protection - conflict with poor people's needs
- Displacement of people due to conservation and development projects.
- Ban on traditional activities – Shifting agriculture, etc.
- High cost of green alternatives & Environment compliances – EVs, organic foods, GRAP mandates, etc.
- Loss of jobs in traditional industries - Tanneries, brick kilns.
- Issues in agriculture – Fertilisers, transition to climate-smart agriculture, etc.
Environment protection support for poor
- Ecotourism as an income source
- Health benefits through pollution control
- Affordable clean energy – Ujjwala Yojana, KUSUM Scheme, etc.
- Green Jobs in renewable industries.
- Sustainable food products lead to food security.
- Circular economy – Waste to wealth model.
Conclusion:
Conclude with a neutral note, like sustainable growth in society needs a balanced growth of ecology, economy and society. Suggest some way forwards & interlink that will further lead India into a growth path.
20. Does tribal development in India centre around two axes, those of displacement and of rehabilitation? Give your opinion. (250 words, 15 marks) (2025)
Direction: Intro----Displacement & Rehabilitation----Conclusion.
Introduction:
Give a brief introduction about tribal people in India & mention data about the tribal population in India. (or) Start like tribals and forests are inseparable, whereas for development the govt exploits resources, leading to displacement of tribals, and so on.
Main Body
Centred around displacement and rehabilitation
Displacement
- Industrialisation
- Development projects & Dams – Irrigation projects, Hydropower projects, road construction, etc.
- Mining – Extraction of coal, mineral ores, oils, etc.
- Environment protection laws & Conservation – National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, Forest Acts, etc.
- Insurgency & Left wing extremism
- Urban Expansion
Rehabilitation
- Essential Infrastructure development – Housing, health, education, etc. Eg. Dharti Aaba Janjatiya Gram Utkarsh Abhiyan.
- Compensation - Land for land compensation, etc.
- Employment & Skill Development – National Skill Development Mission, PM Janjatiya Vikas Mission.
- Constitutional Safeguards – 5 & 6 th Schedules.
Goes beyond displacement and rehabilitation
- Education - Eklavya Model Residential Schools
- Health - Tribal Health Mission.
- Political – 73rd Amendment Act & PESA, reservation of seats for STs, etc.
- Community-led development & Ecotourism.
- Cultural Preservation – 8th Schedule languages, Warli paintings, etc.
- Other socio-welfare measures - Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana, TRIFED, etc.
Conclusion:
Concluse with the neutral manner, like both displacement & rehabilitation are needed for the development of the country (or) need a multidimensional approach for the empowerment of tribals, etc.
