Bioluminescence

Why in News?

Bioluminescence, the natural ability of organisms to produce light, is increasingly observed in Indian coastal regions (Goa, Maharashtra) and forests (Western Ghats).

• Definition – Bioluminescence is the ability of living organisms to produce and emit light through chemical reactions.
• Mechanism – Luciferase, an enzyme, enables luciferin to react with oxygen and release energy in the form of light.
• Some species use symbiotic bioluminescent bacteria instead of luciferin/luciferase (e.g., squid, anglerfish).
• About 76% of all marine animals are bioluminescent, but not freshwater animals.
• Features – It is a “cold light”, which means that the light generated does not produce heat.
• It used to attract prey/mates, camouflage, defence (e.g., glowing mucus) and Spore dispersal (fungi).
• Historical use – During World War I, soldiers used glow worms to read important messages or maps in the dark without giving their position away.
• Unique Examples

• Environmental Concerns – Today, a new phenomenon called “light pollution” is disrupting Nature’s glow.
• Artificial lighting (LEDs, streetlights) disrupts natural cycles.
• Many bioluminescent species require complete darkness to glow effectively; increasing urban brightness threatens their visibility and ecological balance.

Reference

The Hindu | Bioluminiscence